In this post you'll get the note of "C Programming" for the students of Diploma in Computer/IT Engineering.
Unit 1: [Computer Fundamental]
Computer:
• The word “Computer” is derived from the Latin
word “Computare” which means to calculate.
•Hence, computer is normally considered as a
calculating device, which performs the entire task
at very fast rate.
•A computer is an electronic machine that accepts
data and instructions, stores it until the data is
needed, processes large amount of data according
to the instructions provided by the user, and finally
returns the results to the user
Advantages of computer:
• Computer is a very fast machine.
• Computers operate with almost 100% accuracy.
• Computer is capable of doing required task
again and again without any difficulty.
• Computers have capability of storing huge
amount of data.
• Computers can perform variety of jobs.
Disadvantages of computer:
• Computer is an automatic device, even it
requires operator to operate the computer.
• Computer is very expensive in comparison to
other electronic devices, so every people
cannot afford it.
• Computer cannot think itself to give decisions.
• Computer requires technical person for
maintenance if it does not work properly.
Types of computers:
- Analog computer
- Digital computer
Analog computer
• The computer which can process analog
quantities (continuous data) is called an
analog computer.
• They are designed to accept physical
quantities such as temperature, pressure,
speedometer, etc and record them as readings
along a continuous scale.
• Examples of analog devices are: thermometer,
speedometer, etc
Features of analog computer:
a) These computers work on the derived
quantities as temperature, speed, voltage, etc.
b) They take only one instruction at a time,
execute it, give us the result and take next
instruction.
c) To use these computer knowledge of
programming is not required.
d) They do not perform any calculation
Digital computer
• The computer which accepts discrete data
(discontinuous data) is known as digital
computer.
• The digital computers operate by counting
numbers, or in other words, it represents
information in discrete form.
• It operates directly on numbers expressed in
binary number system.
• Digital computers are more accurate than analog
computer, since there is no analogous
representation.
Features of digital computers
• These computers only operate on digit and
they are 0 & 1.
• Digital computers do calculation to give us
results.
• A digital computer takes all the instruction
together and then execute one by one.
• To use these computers knowledge of
programming is essential.
Software
• A set of instructions give to the computer in
machine code that tells the computer what to do
and how to perform the given task of the user is
known as computer software.
• The main objective of software is to enhance the
performance capability of hardware. Examples:
Windows XP, MS- Word, MS-Excel, etc.
Type of Software
- • System software
- Application software
System Software
• It is a collection of program, language, etc
which allows the user to communicate with
computer equipment, the software makes
the machine easier to use and make efficient
use of resources of hardware.
• It is like a layer which acts as interface
between computer and application software.
• It is used in almost all kinds of computer like
mainframe, mini or micro computer.
Types of system software
- Operating system
- Translating Program
- System support software/ utility software
Application software
• application software is prepared and supplied by
software company and computer manufacturer.
• Application software is a subclass of computer
software that employs the capabilities of
computer directly to a task that user wishes to
perform.
• Application software are designed to process
data and support users in an organization such as
solving equations or producing bills, result
processing of Pokhara university, etc.
Types of application software
- Tailored package
- Packaged software
Tailored package
• Tailored software is the software, which are
specially designed and developed to solve a
specific or particular task.
• The nature of processing of data seems similar
but actually they are different in many ways.
• High-level language such as COBOL, BASIC,
FORTRAN, PASCAL, C, etc. is used to prepare
tailored software.
• Examples: salary sheet, sales ledger, payroll
system, library management, etc.
Packaged software
• Packaged software is the software which is
generalized a set of programs and developed
for general purpose.
• These programs are user friendly and
designed for use in more than one
environment.
• Examples: Word processing packages: MSWord, MS-Star etc.
• Spreadsheet: Excel, Lotus, etc.
• Graphics: Photoshop, 3D studio max, etc.
• DBMS Package: Dbase III, Oracle, etc.
WHAT IS Programming LANGUAGE ?
• Language is a collection of words and symbols
which can be used to perform certain task or
activities and to establish a communication
between person to person.
• In the same manner computer languages are the
collection of predefine key words which can be
used to perform certain task and to communicate
between two entities like between two machines
or between human and computers or computers
and others peripherals.
• A programming language is the series of
commands written by programmer in a
systematic order which can perform work easily
in higher speed.
• A programming language is the platform which
provides the environment to write program.
• Actually programming language have their own
set of grammatical rules used to write program.
Without programming language program is
useless. Examples: C, C++, COBOL, Pascal, etc.
There are three different levels of programming languages. They are
- Machine languages (low level)
- Assembly languages
- High-level language
(1) Machine Level Languages (MLL) :-
• Computers are made of No. of electronic
components and they all are two – state
electronic components means they understand
only the 0 – (pulse) and 1 (non – pulse).
• Therefore the instruction given to the computer
must be written using binary numbers. 1and 0.
• Computers do not understand English or any
other language but they only understand or
respond to binary numbers(0 and 1).
• So each computer has its own Machine
languages.
Advantages:
• 1. Time taken to execute program is less.
• 2. The program written in this language need
not to be translated.
Disadvantages:
1. Difficult to learn.
2. The knowledge of internal architecture is
essential for program coding.
(2) Assembly Level Languages (ALL) :-
• In assembly language instruction are given in
English like words ,such as MOV,ADD,SOB etc.
• Hence it is easy to write and understood
assembly language.
• As we know computer can understand only
machine level language .
• Hence assembly language program must be
translated into machine level language.
• The translator which is used for translating is
called “assembler”.
Advantages:
• 1. Assembly language is easier to understand
as compared to machine language.
• 2. Easier for program debugging.
Disadvantages
1. It is machine dependent.
2. Program written in assembly language is
comparatively larger.
(3)High level language:-
• It is designed keeping in mind the features of
portability means these language are machine
independent.
• These are the English like language, so it is easy to
write and understand the programs of high level
language.
• For translating high level language program into
machine language we used “compiler” and
“Interpreter” are used.
• The language in this category is:-
FORTAN,COBOL,C,C++,etc.
Advantages:
1. They are easier to learn as compared to
assembly and machine language.
2. Lower program preparation cost.
3. Machine independent.
Disadvantage:
1. Require more time and memory to execute.
WHAT IS LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS?
• As we know computer can understand only
machine level language ,which is in binary 0
or 1 form.
• Which is difficult to write and maintain the
program of machine level language.
• So the need arises for converting the code of
high level and low level languages into
machine level language, so the translator are
used to achieve this process.
Type of Translator
- Assembler
- Compiler
- Interpreter
Assembler
• It is used for converting the code of assembly
language into machine level language.
• This translation is done with the help of a
translator program called assembler.
• Assembler is a system software supplied by
computer manufacturers.
Compiler
• It is used for converting the code of high level language into machine level.
• The compiler searches all the errors of
program and lists them.
• A Compiler checks the entire program written
by user and if it is free from error and
mistakes then produces a complete program
in Machine language known as object
program.
Interpreter
• The work of interpreter is same as compiler.
• It is also used for converting high level
language program into machine level language
but it checks the errors of program statement
by statement .
Differences between Compiler & Interpreter
• Error finding: Error finding is much easier in
Interpreter because it checks and executes each
statement at a time. So wherever it fine some
error it will stop the execution. Where Compiler
first checks all the statement for error and
provide lists of all the errors in the program.
• Time: Interpreter takes more time for the
execution of a program compared to Compilers
because it translates and executes each
statement one by one.
• Examples: C, C++, FORTRAN, etc are compiler
whereas BASIC, LISP, etc are interpreter.
Unit 2: [Problem Solving Method]
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